Active meiosis during dinoflagellate blooms: A 'sex for proliferation' hypothesis

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Lin, Senjie

作者： Lin, Senjie;Yu, Liying;Wu, Xiaomei;Li, Meizhen;Zhang, Yaqun;Luo, Hao;Li, Hongfei;Li, Tangcheng;Li, Ling;Yu, Liying;Li, Meizhen;Zhang, Yaqun;Zhang, Yaqun;Li, Hongfei;Li, Tangcheng;Li, Tangcheng

作者机构：

关键词： Sexual reproduction; Dinoflagellate bloom; Sex for encystment (SXE); Sex for proliferation (SXP); Meiosis genes

期刊名称：HARMFUL ALGAE （ 影响因子：5.905； 五年影响因子：6.676 ）

ISSN： 1568-9883

年卷期： 2022 年 118 卷

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： In dinoflagellates, sexual reproduction is best known to be induced by adverse environmental conditions and culminate in encystment for survival ('sex for encystment'). Although increasing laboratory observations indicate that sex can lead to production of vegetative cells bypassing encystment, the occurrence of this alternative pathway in natural populations and its ecological roles remain poorly understood. Here we report evidence that sex in dinoflagellates can potentially be an instrument for bloom proliferation or extension. By bloom meta-transcriptome profiling, we documented elevated expression of meiosis genes in two evolutionarily distinct species (Prorocentrum shikokuense and Karenia mikimotoi) during bloom, a timing unexpected of the 'sex for encystment' scenario. To link these genes to meiosis, we induced encystment and cyst germination in the cyst -forming species Scrippsiella acuminata, and found that five of these genes were upregulated during cyst germi-nation, when meiosis occurs. Integrating data from all three species revealed that SPO11, MND1, and DMC1 were likely common between cyst-forming and non-encysting sex in dinoflagellates. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses revealed consecutive rounds of DNA halving during blooms of P. shikokuense and K. mikimotoi, evidencing meiosis. These data provided novel evidence that sexual reproduction in dinoflagellates might serve to promote cell proliferation, and along with the consequent enhancement of genetic diversity facilitating resistance against pathogens and environmental stress, to boost or extend a bloom ('sex for proliferation'). The putative meiosis-specific genes and insights reported here will prove to be helpful for rigorously testing the hypothesis and addressing whether the two modes of sex are genetically predisposed (i.e. species-specific) or environmentally induced (switchable within species), and if the latter what triggers the switch.

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