Plant and animal positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses encode small proteins important for viral infection in their negative-sense strand

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Gong, Pan

作者： Gong, Pan;Zhang, Mingzhen;Qiao, Rui;Zhao, Siwen;Ge, Linhao;Li, Fangfang;Zhou, Xueping;Shen, Qingtang;Jiang, Jing;Su, Lili;Fu, Shuai;Wang, Yaqin;Zhou, Xueping;Ma, Yu;Lozano-Duran, Rosa;Wang, Aiming

作者机构：

关键词： positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses; small proteins; negative-sense RNA; turnip mosaic virus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

期刊名称：MOLECULAR PLANT （ 影响因子：27.5； 五年影响因子：22.6 ）

ISSN： 1674-2052

年卷期： 2023 年 16 卷 11 期

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, the most abundant viruses of eukaryotes in nature, require the synthesis of negative-sense RNA (-RNA) using their genomic (positive-sense) RNA (+RNA) as a template for replication. Based on current evidence, viral proteins are translated via viral +RNAs, whereas -RNA is considered to be a viral replication intermediate without coding capacity. Here, we report that plant and animal +ssRNA viruses contain small open reading frames (ORFs) in their -RNA (reverse ORFs [rORFs]). Using turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a model for plant +ssRNA viruses, we demonstrate that small proteins encoded by rORFs display specific subcellular localizations, and confirm the presence of rORF2 in infected cells through mass spectrometry analysis. The protein encoded by TuMV rORF2 forms punctuate granules that are localized in the perinuclear region and co-localized with viral replication complexes. The rORF2 protein can directly interact with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and mutation of rORF2 completely abolishes virus infection, whereas ectopic expression of rORF2 rescues the mutant virus. Furthermore, we show that several rORFs in the -RNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have the ability to suppress type I interferon production and facilitate the infection of vesicular stomatitis virus. In addition, we provide evidence that TuMV might utilize internal ribosome entry sites to translate these small rORFs. Taken together, these findings indicate that the -RNA of +ssRNA viruses can also have the coding capacity and that small proteins encoded therein play critical roles in viral infection, revealing a viral proteome larger than previously thought.

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