A critical review on characterization, human health risk assessment and mitigation of malodorous gaseous emission during the composting process

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Tran, Huu-Tuan

作者： Tran, Huu-Tuan;Tran, Huu-Tuan;Binh, Quach An;Binh, Quach An;Hoang, Hong-Giang;Tung, Tra Van;Pham, Duy Toan;Nguyen, Ngoc Son Hai;Xie, Shiyu;Zhang, Tao;Mukherjee, Santanu;Bolan, Nanthi S.;Bolan, Nanthi S.

作者机构：

关键词： Biofilter; Organic wastes; Biochar; Malodorous gases; Bulking agents; Thermophilic stage

期刊名称：ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION （ 影响因子：8.9； 五年影响因子：9.5 ）

ISSN： 0269-7491

年卷期： 2024 年 351 卷

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： Composting has emerged as a suitable method to convert or transform organic waste including manure, green waste, and food waste into valuable products with several advantages, such as high efficiency, cost feasibility, and being environmentally friendly. However, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly malodorous gases, are the major concern and challenges to overcome in facilitating composting. Ammonia (NH 3 ) and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), including hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and methyl mercaptan (CH 4 S), primarily contributed to the malodorous gases emission during the entire composting process due to their low olfactory threshold. These compounds are mainly emitted at the thermophilic phase, accounting for over 70% of total gas emissions during the whole process, whereas methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are commonly detected during the mesophilic and cooling phases. Therefore, the human health risk assessment of malodorous gases using various indexes such as ECi (maximum exposure concentration for an individual volatile compound EC), HR (noncarcinogenic risk), and CR (carcinogenic risk) has been evaluated and discussed. Also, several strategies such as maintaining optimal operating conditions, and adding bulking agents and additives (e.g., biochar and zeolite) to reduce malodorous emissions have been pointed out and highlighted. Biochar has specific adsorption properties such as high surface area and high porosity and contains various functional groups that can adsorb up to 60% - 70% of malodorous gases emitted from composting. Notably, biofiltration emerged as a resilient and costeffective technique, achieving up to 90% reduction in malodorous gases at the end -of -pipe. This study offers a comprehensive insight into the characterization of malodorous emissions during composting. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to address these issues on a larger scale and provides a promising outlook for future research.

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