Intra-Annual and Interannual Dynamics of Evaporation Over Western Lake Erie

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Shao, Changliang

作者： Shao, Changliang;Shao, Changliang;Chen, Jiquan;Ouyang, Zutao;Chu, Housen;Stepien, Carol A.

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关键词： evaporation; extreme climate; Great Lakes; ice cover; latent heat flux; Penman model

期刊名称：EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE （ 影响因子：2.9； 五年影响因子：3.641 ）

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年卷期： 2020 年 7 卷 11 期

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收录情况： SCI

摘要： Evaporation (E) is a critical component of the water and energy budget in lake systems yet is challenging to quantify directly and continuously. We examined the magnitude and changes of E and its drivers over Lake Erie-the shallowest and most southern lake of the Laurentian Great Lakes. We deployed two eddy-covariance tower sites in the western Lake Erie Basin-one located nearshore (CB) and one offshore (LI)-from September 2011 through May 2016. Monthly E varied from 5 to 120 mm, with maximum E occurring in August-October. The annual E was 635 +/- 42 (+/- SD) mm at CB and 604 +/- 32 mm at LI. Mean winter (October-March) E was 189 +/- 61 mm at CB and 178 +/- 25 mm at LI, accounting for 29.8% and 29.4% of annual E. Mean daily E was 1.8 mm during the coldest month (January) and 7.4 mm in the warmest month (July). Monthly E exhibited a strong positive linear relationship to the product of wind speed and vapor pressure deficit. Pronounced seasonal patterns in surface energy fluxes were observed with a 2-month lag in E from R-n, due to the lake's heat storage. This lag was shorter than reports regarding other Great Lakes. Difference in E between the offshore and nearshore sites reflected within-lake spatial heterogeneity, likely attributable to climatic and bathymetric differences between them. These findings suggest that predictive models need to consider lake-specific heat storage and spatial heterogeneity in order to accurately simulate lake E and its seasonal dynamics.

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