Environmental impacts of deep offshore aquaculture on potential harmful elements in sediment: A case study of Deep Blue I in the yellow sea cold water mass

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Yu, Yu

作者： Yu, Yu;Qu, Lingling;Wang, Yi;Ren, Yichao;Wang, Bowen;Li, Li;Meng, Xianliang

作者机构：

关键词： Offshore cage; Salmon culture; Trace element; Copper; South yellow sea

期刊名称：MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH （ 影响因子：3.2； 五年影响因子：3.3 ）

ISSN： 0141-1136

年卷期： 2025 年 209 卷

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： Offshore aquaculture has emerged as a promising solution to address the overloading of nearshore fish farming. However, its impacts on the distribution and speciation of potential harmful elements (PHEs) in marine sediments remains poorly understood. This study presents the first comprehensive investigation of spatial and temporal variations in PHEs (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Pb, Fe and Mn) and their chemical fractions in sediments surrounding China's pioneering offshore aquaculture cage, "Deep Blue I", located 240 km offshore in the Yellow Sea Cold Water mass (YSCW). The results showed that offshore culture led to significant Cu and Fe enrichment in sediments beneath the cage, with Cu enrichment factor increasing by 58 % in August. Sediment beneath the cage showed elevated acid soluble Fe and Co, reducible Cu, and oxidizable Fe and Cd in August, while increased reducible Cu, Co and Cd, and oxidizable Cd in December. Minimal contents of reducible PHEs (Fe, Mn, Al, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Pb) were observed at cage site in August, indicating the occurrence of hypoxia and reduction dissolution. Three primary pollution sources were identified: (1) residue feed and feces (Cu, Cd), (2) anti-fouling paints (Cu), and (3) corrosion of steel cage frames (Fe). The spatial distributions of PHEs and their fractions revealed that the offshore cage's impact on sediment was largely confined within a 250 m radius. Hakanson ecological risk assessment indicated low risk from Cu but moderate to considerable risk from Cd. Of particular concern were the elevated labile Cu and Cd in August and labile Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb in December, suggesting increased bioavailability. This study provides critical baseline data and novel insights into PHE dynamics in offshore aquaculture systems, offering valuable insights for sustainable aquaculture management.

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