Heavy metal pollution in the soil of a riverine basin: distribution, source, and potential hazards

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Khan, Kifayatullah

作者： Khan, Kifayatullah;Zhou, Yunqiao;Khan, Kifayatullah;Mohsin, Abdul;Ayaz, Muhammad;Younas, Muhammad;Sharif, Hafiz Muhammad Adeel;Maryam, Afsheen;Ali, Jafar;Li, Xu;Ibrahim, Sobhy Mostafa

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关键词： Heavy metals; Spatial distribution; Multivariate statistics; Pollution indices; Source apportionment; Environmental hazards

期刊名称：ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT （ 影响因子：3.307； 五年影响因子：3.42 ）

ISSN： 0167-6369

年卷期： 2022 年 194 卷 9 期

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： Soil pollution with heavy metals (HMs) has become a world environmental problem. This study focuses on surface soil contamination with Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Fe, and Al, their sources, and potential hazards along the basin of River Swat, Pakistan. The average concentrations (mg/kg) of HMs were the most abundant for Al (24,730.19) followed by Fe (22,419.41) > Mn (386.78) > Zn (57.75) > Cr (38.07) > Ni (32.46) > Cu (23.43) > Pb (19.59) > Co (10.77) > Cd (3.18) > Hg (0.12). The concentrations of Cr and Mn in 5.45% each, Co in 10.90%, Zn in 27.27%, Cu in 36.36%, Ni in 41.81%, and Hg in 92.72% of the total soil samples exceeded their respective background values. The geostatistical approaches determined the distribution patterns of HM pollution along the basin, whereas the statistics of principal component analysis exposed the likely sources of HM contamination in the area. Pollution indices evaluated the overall HM distribution and pollution status in the area. Contamination factor showed a high degree of HM contamination in 82% of the total sampling sites, while the geo-accumulation index designated low to moderate contamination with Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, and Pb, and moderate to extreme contamination with Cd, Fe, and Al. The trend of ecological toxicity showed potential ups and downs along with the sites from low to considerable hazard (< 95 < PEHI < 190), whereas the human carcinogenic hazard was within the USEPA acceptable limits (1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-4)), but the non-carcinogenic hazard was higher than the threshold (HI > 1) for children because they are more exposed than adults.

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