Using Lycopodium spores as an eco-friendly carrier for pendimethalin delivery to enhance the herbicidal activity and reduce its adverse effects

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Fan, Teng-Fei

作者： Fan, Teng-Fei;Wang, Ya-Qiang;Deng, Xi-Le;Deng, Xi-Le

作者机构：

关键词： Lycopodium japonicum spores; Controlled release; Pendimethalin; Toxicity; Microcapsules

期刊名称：JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING （ 影响因子：7.2； 五年影响因子：7.6 ）

ISSN： 2213-2929

年卷期： 2025 年 13 卷 3 期

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： Pendimethalin (PL) is a highly effective and broad-spectrum herbicide; however, its low utilization and excessive application in traditional formulations pose risks of phytotoxicity to crops and environmental harm. This study utilized natural Lycopodium japonicum spores (LJS) as an eco-friendly carrier to develop a uniformly sized, structurally stable controlled-release microcapsule formulation, PL@LJS, for precise herbicide delivery and cleaner production. Compared to traditional synthetic carriers, Lycopodium spores showed several advantages such as uniform particle size distribution, simple processing, and environmental friendliness. Characterization of the PL@LJS microcapsule using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), particle size analysis (PSI), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that Pendimethalin technical grade (PL TC) was successfully encapsulated in LJS and the particles ranged from 10 to 100 mu m change into 10-1000 mu m. Herbicidal activity assessments under greenhouse conditions demonstrated that at an application rate of 450 g a. i./ha2, the 15 % PL@LJS microcapsule achieved 100 % efficacy against annual weeds such as crabgrass and barnyard grass, significantly outperforming the 33 % Pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate (PL EC). Furthermore, the 15 % PL@LJS microcapsule exhibited reduced oxidative stress to rice seedlings compared to commonly used formulations, enhancing its safety for rice. Additionally, the EC50 of PL@LJS for zebrafish embryos was 423.9 mg/L, and the ErC50 for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was 0.41 mg a.i./L, both significantly higher than those of PL treatment (2.9 mg/L and 0.06 mg a.i./L, respectively). The unique advantages of Lycopodium spores, the control efficacy of PL@LJS alongside its low ecological risk, demonstrate the potential application of Lycopodium spores as delivery system of herbicide to rice field.

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