An Environmental and Societal Analysis of the US Electrical Energy Industry Based on the Water-Energy Nexus

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Shirkey, Gabriela

作者： Shirkey, Gabriela;Chen, Jiquan;Shirkey, Gabriela;Chen, Jiquan;Belongeay, Megan;Wu, Susie;Ma, Xiaoguang;Tavakol, Hassan;Anctil, Annick;Marquette-Pyatt, Sandra;Stewart, Rodney A.;Sinha, Parikith;Corkish, Richard;Celik, Ilke

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关键词： electricity generation; water-energy nexus; renewable energy; employee welfare

期刊名称：ENERGIES （ 影响因子：3.004； 五年影响因子：3.085 ）

ISSN：

年卷期： 2021 年 14 卷 9 期

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收录情况： SCI

摘要： To meet rising energy demands, power plant operations will expand, influencing the interactions between the water-energy nexus and society. However, a major challenge is integration of social dimensions within electricity generation. To address this, we generate a baseline dataset using US public data (2014-2019) from the Energy Information Administration and US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We identify the rate of energy consumed, CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions generated, and water used per MWh net electricity as well as employee wellbeing per unit MW capacity during electricity generation. Rates of energy consumption (MMBtu/MWh) decreased 4.9%, but water consumption and withdrawal (m(3)/MWh) both increased 0.93% and 0.31%, respectively. Emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOx decreased 22.64%, 75% and 25% MT/MWh, respectively. Thermoelectric cooling withdrawal and consumption is led by natural gas (50.07%, 38.31%), coal (29.61%, 25.07%), and nuclear energies (13.55%, 18.99%). Electric power generation contributes 0.06 injuries-illnesses/TWh and 0.001 fatalities/TWh, of which fossil fuels contributed 70% and 15%, respectively. Fossil fuels led in average annual employment (0.02 employees/MW) with low cost salaries (USD 0.09/MW) likely due to high collective capacity, which is declining. Estimated rates in this study and framework will aid power industry transition and operational decision makers.

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