Global reactive nitrogen loss in orchard systems: A review

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Zhao, Huanyu

作者： Zhao, Huanyu;Wang, Xiaozhong;Xiong, Huaye;Yang, Linsheng;Liu, Bin;Shi, Xiaojun;Chen, Xinping;Wang, Jie;Zhang, Yueqiang;Zhang, Fusuo;Zhao, Huanyu;Lakshmanan, Prakash;Wang, Xiaozhong;Yang, Linsheng;Liu, Bin;Shi, Xiaojun;Chen, Xinping;Wang, Jie;Zhang, Yueqiang;Zhang, Fusuo;Lakshmanan, Prakash;Lakshmanan, Prakash;Wang, Xiaozhong;Shi, Xiaojun;Chen, Xinping;Wang, Jie;Zhang, Yueqiang;Wang, Xiaozhong;Shi, Xiaojun;Chen, Xinping;Wang, Jie;Zhang, Yueqiang

作者机构：

关键词： Orchards; N balance; N loss factors; N application; Regions; Orchard types

期刊名称：SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT （ 影响因子：10.753； 五年影响因子：10.237 ）

ISSN： 0048-9697

年卷期： 2022 年 821 卷

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： Orchards account for about 5% of the agricultural land in the world, however the amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer input in orchards is relatively large. Little is known about N input and its impact in orchards at the global scale. Therefore, in this study we systematically evaluated reactive nitrogen (Nr) loss in global orchards. A meta-analysis of 97 studies reported from 2000 to 2021 from different countries showed that the mean global N fertilizer input in orchards was 303 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), and the estimated emission factor (EF) of nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) were 1.39% and 3.64%, respectively. Also, during the same period, orchard nitrate leaching factor (LF) reached 18.5%, and the runoff N loss factor (RF) and net fruit N removal factor (NRF) were estimated to be 2.75% and 5.31%, respectively. The apparent N balance of the global orchard system reached 68.4% of N input. N application increased the Nr loss in various pathways in the orchard. The N2O and NH3 emission and nitrate leaching were linearly correlated with N fertilizer application, and overuse of N resulted in substantial Nr loss. Regionally, the total Nr loss in developing countries was higher than developed countries. Average N input (405 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) and Nr loss (102 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) of orchards in Asia were the highest. The NH3 volatilization and runoff N loss of deciduous orchards were significantly higher than that of evergreen orchards. N application increased fruit yield, but excessive N input reduced the net fruit N removal (FNR). The results reported here fill an important knowledge gap of N balance analysis of orchards at a global scale and provided a framework for optimizing N management to achieve sustainable fruit production.

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