Evaluation of NOx emissions before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdowns in China: A comparison of meteorological normalization methods
文献类型： 外文期刊
作者： Wu, Qinhuizi 1 ; Li, Tao 1 ; Zhang, Shifu 1 ; Fu, Jianbo 1 ; Seyler, Barnabas C. 1 ; Zhou, Zihang 2 ; Deng, Xunfei 3 ; Wang, Bin 1 ; Zhan, Yu 1 ;
作者机构： 1.Sichuan Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, Peoples R China
2.Chengdu Acad Environm Sci, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, Peoples R China
3.Zhejiang Acad Agr Sci, Inst Digital Agr, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
关键词： Meteorological normalization; COVID-19; Emission reduction; Spatiotemporal distribution; Nitrogen dioxide
期刊名称：ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT （ 影响因子：5.755； 五年影响因子：6.027 ）
ISSN： 1352-2310
年卷期： 2022 年 278 卷
页码：
收录情况： SCI
摘要： Meteorological normalization refers to the removal of meteorological effects on air pollutant concentrations for evaluating emission changes. There currently exist various meteorological normalization methods, yielding inconsistent results. This study aims to identify the state-of-the-art method of meteorological normalization for characterizing the spatiotemporal variation of NOx emissions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in China. We obtained the hourly data of NO2 concentrations and meteorological conditions for 337 cities in China from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020. Three random-forest based meteorological normalization methods were compared, including (1) the method that only resamples meteorological variables, (2) the method that resamples meteorological and temporal variables, and (3) the method that does not need resampling, denoted as ResampleM, Resample-M & T, and Resample-None, respectively. The comparison results show that Resample-M & T considerably underestimated the emission reduction of NOx during the lockdowns, Resample-None generates widely fluctuating estimates that blur the emission recovery trend during work resumption, and Resample-M clearly delineates the emission changes over the entire period. Based on the Resample-M results, the maximum emission reduction occurred during January to February 2020, for most cities, with an average decrease of 19.1 & PLUSMN; 9.4% compared to 2019. During April of 2020 when work resumption initiated to the end of 2020, the emissions rapidly bounced back for most cities, with an average increase of 12.6 & PLUSMN; 15.8% relative to those during the strict lockdowns. Consequently, we recommend using Resample-M for meteorological normalization, and the normalized NO2 concentration dynamics for each city provide important implications for future emission reduction.
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