Efficient biodegradation of enrofloxacin by Citrobacter sp. SAASenr-X1: Characteristics, performance, pathways, risk assessment, and practical applications

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Xu, Chenglong

作者： Xu, Chenglong;Zhu, Xianpu;Li, Shuangxi;Bai, Naling;Zhang, Juanqin;Zhang, Hanlin;Lv, Weiguang;Li, Yunhao;Lu, Jialei;Xu, Chenglong;Li, Shuangxi;Zhang, Hanlin;Lv, Weiguang;Xu, Chenglong;Li, Shuangxi;Zhang, Hanlin;Lv, Weiguang

作者机构：

关键词： Enrofloxacin biotransformation; Citrobacter sp. SAASenr-X1; Degradation pathways; Ecological safety; Practical applications

期刊名称：CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL （ 影响因子：13.2； 五年影响因子：13.5 ）

ISSN： 1385-8947

年卷期： 2025 年 517 卷

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收录情况： SCI

摘要： Despite its widespread use, the biodegradation pathways of enrofloxacin (ENR), a representative fluoroquinolone antibiotic (FQs), have not been fully elucidated. This study successfully isolated a novel ENR-degrading strain, Citrobacter sp. SAASenr-X1, from farmland soil for the first time. The results demonstrated that under the conditions of initial ENR concentration of 5 mg/L, pH 7.0, temperature 30 degrees C, salinity 1 %, inoculation amount 5 %, and shaker speed 150 rpm for 96 h, the strain achieved a maximum degradation rate of 80.8 %. It also exhibited the ability to simultaneously degrade multiple FQs. Practical application tests demonstrated that SAASenr-X1 achieved over 80 % removal of COD, TN, and TP from aquaculture and livestock wastewater, with nearly 100 % ENR removal. Compared to other microbial treatments, SAASenr-X1 showed superior degradation efficiency and reduced processing time, underscoring its potential for practical use in treating mixed antibiotic pollution. Mechanistic analysis revealed the strain targets key functional groups of ENR, including the piperazine ring, cyclopropyl moiety, and quinolone core. LC-MS identified ten major biodegradation products, suggesting three potential degradation mechanisms (via five pathways): substitution, cleavage, and loss of the piperazine group; cleavage and decarboxylation of the quinolone moiety; and substitution or loss of the fluorine atom. Ecotoxicity assays indicated substantially lower toxicity of the degradation products compared to the parent compound. This study provides the first comprehensive elucidation of ENR biodegradation pathways by Citrobacter sp. SAASenr-X1, offering novel insights into FQs bioremediation and a promising strategy for safe and efficient treatment of antibiotic-contaminated environments.

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