Contribution to understanding the evolution of holometaboly: transformation of internal head structures during the metamorphosis in the green lacewingChrysopa pallens(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

文献类型： 外文期刊

第一作者： Zhao, Chenjing

作者： Zhao, Chenjing;Li, Min;Zhao, Chenjing;Liu, Xingyue;Yang, Ding;Zhao, Chenjing;Ang, Yuchen;Meier, Rudolf;Wang, Mengqing;Gao, Caixia;Zhang, Kuiyan;Tang, Chufei

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关键词： Chrysopidae; Neuroptera; 3D reconstruction; Transformation

期刊名称：BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY （ 影响因子：3.26； 五年影响因子：3.732 ）

ISSN： 1471-2148

年卷期： 2020 年 20 卷 1 期

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收录情况： SCI

摘要： Background Metamorphosis remains one of the most complicated and poorly understood processes in insects. This is particularly so for the very dynamic transformations that take place within the pupal sheath of holometabolous insects. Only few studies address these transformations especially with regard to cranial structures of those holometabolous species where the larval and adult forms have a similar diet. It thus remains unclear to what extent the internal structures undergo histolysis and rebuilding. Here, the development of the brain and skeleto-muscular system of the head ofChrysopa pallens(Rambur, 1838) is studied. This species is a predator of aphids in the larval and adult stage. Results We used micro-computed-tomography (mu-CT) to study the transformations of the larval, prepupal and pupal head within the cocoon. We first assessed the morphological differences and similarities between the stages. We then determined the point in time when the compound eyes appear and describe the re-orientation of the head capsule which transforms the prognathous larva into a hypognathous adult. The internal head muscles are distinctly more slender in larvae than adults. In addition, the adults have a significantly larger brain which is likely needed for the processing of the signals obtained by the adults vastly expanded sensory organs that are presumably needed for dispersal and mating. Our study shows that the histolysis and modification of the inner muscles and skeletal elements take place within the prepupa. The central nervous system persists throughout metamorphosis but its morphology changes significantly. Conclusion Our study reveals that not only the inner structures, but also the outer morphology continues to change after the final larval moult. The adult cuticle and internal structures form gradually within the cocoon. The histolysis and rebuilding begin with the skeletal elements and is followed by changes in the central nervous system before it concludes with modifications of the musculature. This order of events is likely ancestral for Holometabola because it is also known from Hymenoptera, Diptera, Mecoptera, and Coleoptera.

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