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p-Phenylenediamines and p-phenylenediamine quinone derivatives in rubber consumer products and typical urban dust: Sources, transformation profiles, and health risks

文献类型： 外文期刊

作者： Mao, Tianao 1 ; Liu, Wenbin 1 ; Deng, Jinglin 1 ; Chen, Chunci 1 ; Jia, Tianqi 1 ; Li, Haifeng 4 ; Yin, Fei 1 ;

作者机构： 1.Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Resources & Environm, Beijing 101408, Peoples R China

2.UCAS, Hangzhou Inst Adv Study, Hangzhou 310024, Peoples R China

3.Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China

4.Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, Beijing 100097, Peoples R China

关键词： N ' -Substituted p -phenylenediamine; p -phenylenediamine quinone; Dust; Rubber product; Environmental contaminant; Health risk

期刊名称：ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL （ 影响因子：9.7； 五年影响因子：11.6 ）

ISSN： 0160-4120

年卷期： 2024 年 192 卷

页码：

收录情况： SCI

摘要： N,N '-Substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used as antioxidants in the rubber industry and are released into the environment in large quantities during the production and use of rubber products. We quantified PPDs and PPD quinone derivatives (PPD-Qs) in rubber consumer products, including car tires, rubber belts, rubber gloves, rubber cables, and rubber hoses, to obtain information on the degree of weathering over time during their use. Additionally, we investigated the occurrences and sources of PPDs and PPD-Qs in dust samples collected from four typical urban environments (roads, parking lots, automotive repair shops, and residences). The detected compounds included the highly toxic N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N '-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine quinone, which can cause acute mortality of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Concentrations of PPDs in the automotive repair shops reached 56.0 mu g/g, and were much higher than in the other environments, while the residential samples had the lowest contaminant concentrations. In road and residential samples, N,N '-di-2naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine accounted for 17 %-30 % of the PPDs, and may have originated from different sources. We preliminarily identified 32 transformation products, and 11 of these were N,N '-di-2-naphthyl-pphenylenediamine transformation products. The average daily intakes of PPDs and PPD-Qs were calculated to assess the health risks of dust exposure in each environment. Workers had high total intakes of PPD [60.3 ng/(kg day)] and PPD-Qs [20.1 ng/(kg day)], and were at some risk of occupational exposure. These results improve our understanding of the environmental occurrences, sources, transformation, and health risks of PPDs and PPD-Qs.

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