Effects of environmental concentrations of sulfamethoxazole on Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Insights into growth, oxidative stress, biochemical components, ultrastructure, and transcriptome
文献类型： 外文期刊
作者： Feng, Pengfei 1 ; Wu, Jiangyue 3 ; Cui, Hongwu 4 ; Huang, Xiao 5 ; Wang, Chen 1 ; Wang, Chenyu 1 ; Li, Xingyu 1 ; Duan, Weiyan 1 ;
作者机构： 1.Hebei Agr Univ, Ocean Coll, Qinhuangdao 066003, Hebei, Peoples R China
2.Hebei Key Lab Nutr Regulat & Dis Control Aquacultu, Qinhuangdao 066003, Hebei, Peoples R China
3.Minist Nat Resource Peoples Republ China, Natl Marine Hazard Mitigat Serv, Beijing 100194, Peoples R China
4.Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Yellow Sea Fisheries Res Inst, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, Peoples R China
5.Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol, Collaborat Innovat Ctr Atmospher Environm & Equipm, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Jiangsu Key Lab Atmospher Environm Monitoring & Po, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, Peoples R China
关键词： Marine microalgae; Sulfamethoxazole; Environmental concentration; Photosynthetic pigment; Oxidative damage; Biochemical components
期刊名称：ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY （ 影响因子：6.1； 五年影响因子：6.4 ）
ISSN： 0147-6513
年卷期： 2024 年 283 卷
页码：
收录情况： SCI
摘要： This study aimed to assess the ecological risks posed by sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Specifically, its effects on the growth and biochemical components (total protein, total lipid, and total carbohydrate) of two marine microalgae species, namely Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum), were investigated. Our findings revealed that concentrations of SMX below 150 ng/L stimulated the growth of both microalgae. Conversely, at higher concentrations, SMX inhibited their growth while promoting the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, total protein, total lipid, and total carbohydrate (P < 0.05). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations demonstrated significant alterations in the ultrastructure of algal cells exposed to SMX, including nuclear marginalization, increased chloroplast volume, and heightened vacuolation. In addition, when SMX was lower than 250 ng/L, there was no oxidative damage in two microalgae cells. However, when SMX was higher than 250 ng/L, the antioxidant defense system of algal cells was activated to varying degrees, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, indicating that algae cells were damaged by oxidation. From the molecular level, environmental concentration of SMX can induce microalgae cells to produce more energy substances, but there are almost no other adverse effects, indicating that the low level of SMX at the actual exposure level was unlikely to threaten P. tricornutum, but a higher concentration can significantly reduce its genetic products, which can affect the changes of its cell structure and damage P. tricornutum to some extent. Therefore, environmental concentration of SMX still has certain potential risks to microalgae. These outcomes improved current understanding of the potential ecological risks associated with SMX in marine environments.
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